Molecular Weight = 234.20
Molecular Formula = C₈H₅F₃N₂OS
CAS Number = 1744-22-5

Riluzole is used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It delays the onset of ventilator-dependence in selected patients.
Riluzole has several actions:

• Sodium channel blockade
• High-voltage calcium channel blockade
• N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)/glutamate receptor blockade 

Riluzole preferentially blocks TTX-S sodium channels, which are associated with damaged neurons. This reduces influx of calcium ions and indirectly prevents stimulation of glutamate receptors. Together with direct glutamate receptor blockade, the effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter glutamate on motor neurons is greatly reduced.

Molecular Weight = 349.32
Molecular Formula = C₁₆H₁₄F₃N5O
CAS Number = 137234-62-9

Voriconazole is a triazole that is structurally related to fluconazole. As with all azole antifungal agents, voriconazole works principally by inhibition of cytochrome P450 14a-demethylase (P45014DM). This enzyme is in the sterol biosynthesis pathway that leads from lanosterol to ergosterol [1602, 1662]. Compared to fluconazole, voriconazole inhibits P45014DM to a greater extend.

Molecular Weight = 914.20
Molecular Formula = C₅₁H₇₉NO₁₃
CAS Number = 53123-88-9

Sirolimus is a relatively new immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation, and is especially useful in kidney transplants. It is an analogue of rapamycin. Despite its similar name, it is not a calcineurin-inhibitor like tacrolimus or cyclosporine but has a similar effect on the immune system as it too prevents production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) by immunocompetent T-lymphocytes. It also has an anti-proliferative effect, similar to mycophenolate mofetil. The mode of action of sirolimus is that it binds to the cytosolic protein FK-binding protein 12 (FKBP12), in a similar way to tacrolimus. However, unlike the tacrolimus-FKBP12 complex which inhibits calcineurin, the sirolimus-FKBP12 complex binds to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which inhibits both IL-2 production and lymphocyte proliferation. The chief advantage sirolimus over calcineurin-inhibitors is that it is not toxic to kidneys. Transplant patients maintained on calcineurin-inhibitors long-term tend to develop impaired kidney function or even chronic renal failure, and this can be prevented by use of sirolimus instead. It is particularly advantageous in patients with kidney transplants for hemolytic-uremic syndrome as this disease is likely to recur in the transplanted kidney if a calcineurin-inhibitor is used. Sirolimus can also be used alone or in conjuction with calcineurin-inhibitors and/or mycophenolate mofetil, to provide steroid-free immunosuppression regimes. The anti-proliferative effect of sirolimus has also been used in the production of sirolimus-eluting stents used to treat obstructed coronary arteries, as it is believed that sirolimus-eluting stents are less likely to cause intimal hyperplasia than ordinary stents. This effect may also be found in other arterial stents.

Molecular Weight = 412.94
Molecular Formula = C₂₁H₂₁CIN₄OS
CAS Number = 138982-67-9

Ziprasidone is an oral and injectable drug that is used for treating psychoses, for example, schizophrenia. Although the mechanism of action of ziprasidone is not fully known, like other anti-psychotics, it inhibits communication between nerves of the brain. It does this by blocking receptors on the nerves for several neurotransmitters, the chemicals that nerves use to communicate with each other. It is thought that the beneficial effect of ziprasidone is due to its blocking ofdopamine and serotonin receptors. It also inhibits the re-uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine by nerves in the brain like some anti-depressant drugs. Ziprasidone is associated with little or no weight gain, a feature that distinguishes it from other anti-psychotic drugs. Similarly, ziprasidone is unique among anti-psychotic drugs in that it does not increase cholesterol levels.

Molecular Weight = 786.07
Molecular Formula = C₄₅H₇₁NO₁₀
CAS Number = 104987-11-3

Tacrolimus is a drug that suppresses the immune system and is used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs. Tacrolimus accomplishes its immune-suppressing effecting by inhibiting an enzyme (calcineurin) crucial for the multiplication of T-cells, cells that are vital to the immune process. The use of oral tacrolimus allows transplantation specialists to reduce the dose of steroids which are also used to prevent rejection. This "steroid-sparing effect" is important because of the many side effects that can occur when larger doses of steroids are used for a long period of time. 

Molecular Weight = 412.53
Molecular Formula = C₂₈H₂₈O₃
CAS Number = 106685-40-9

Adapalene is a gel used for the treatment of acne vulgaris (pimples). The exact mechanism of action is not known. Scientists believe that when adapalene is applied to the skin, it affects the growth of skin cells and thereby reduces the formation of pimples. 

Molecular Weight = 517.48
Molecular Formula = C₂₀H₃₂N₅O₉P
CAS Number = 202138-50-9

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate belongs to a class of antiretroviral drugs known as nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs), which block reverse transcriptase, an enzyme crucial to viral production in HIV-infected people. It is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults. This indication is based on analyses of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4 cell counts in controlled studies of tenofovir in treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced adults. There are no study results demonstrating the effect of tenofovir on clinical progression of HIV.

Molecular Weight = 430.38
Molecular Formula = C₁₈H₁₄F₄N₂O₄S
CAS Number =

Bicalutamide is an oral medication that is used for treating cancer of the prostate. It belongs to a class of drugs called anti-androgens which includes flutamide (Eulexin) and nilutamide (Nilandron). Androgens (an example of which is testosterone) are hormones that are produced and released by the adrenal glands. They are responsible for supporting (stimulating) tissues that primarily are thought of as male, for example, the male prostate gland. Male traits that also are influenced by androgens include facial and body hair and small breasts. Anti-androgens prevent the action of androgens by blocking the receptors for androgens on the cells of tissues, for example, the cells of the prostate gland. In addition to normal prostate cells, androgens also have been shown to stimulate the growth of cancer cells within the prostate. Bicalutamide is thought to prevent the growth of prostate cancer by blocking the effects of androgens on the cancer cells.

Molecular Weight = 324.44
Molecular Formula = C₁₀H₁₆N₂O₄S₃
CAS Number = 130693-82-2

Many parts of the body, including the eye, contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic anhydrase plays a key role in controlling the production of fluid particularly within the eye. In turn, the amount of fluid within in the eye determines the pressure within the eye (intraocular pressure). Dorzolamide blocks the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, and is used as eye drops in the treatment of glaucoma, a condition in which the fluid and pressure in the eye is increased. Following administration of dorzolamide to the eye, intraocular pressure is lowered. This reduces the risk of nerve damage and loss of vision that is caused by increases of intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma

Molecular Weight = 247.24
Molecular Formula = C8H10FN3O3S
CAS Number = 143491-57-0

Emtricitabine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1).

Emtricitabine works by inhibiting reverse transcriptase, the enzyme that copies HIV RNA into new viral DNA. Emtricitabine is a synthetic nucleoside analogue of cytidine. It is phosphorylated by cellular enzymes to form emtricitabine 5'-triphosphate, which is responsible for the inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. It competes with the natural substrate deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate and incorporates into nascent viral DNA, resulting in early chain termination. Therefore emtricitabine inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) both by competing with the natural substrate deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate and by its incorporation into viral DNA. By inhibiting HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, emtricitabine can help to lower the amount of HIV, or "viral load", in a patient's body and can indirectly increase the number of immune system cells (called T cells or CD4+ T-cells). Both of these changes are associated with healthier immune systems and decreased likelihood of serious illness.

Molecular Weight = 136.11
Molecular Formula = C5H4N4O
CAS Number = 315-30-0

Allopurinol, a structural analog of the natural purine base hypoxanthine, is used to prevent gout and renal calculi due to either uric acid or calcium oxalate and to treat uric acid nephropathy, hyperuricemia, and some solid tumors.

Allopurinol inhibits the enzyme xanthine oxidase, blocking the conversion of the oxypurines hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid. Elevated concentrations of oxypurine and oxypurine inhibition of xanthine oxidase through negative feedback results in a decrease in the concentrations of uric acid in the blood and urine. Allopurinol also facilitates the incorporation of hypoxanthine and xanthine into DNA and RNA, resulting in further reductions of serum uric acid concentrations.

Molecular Weight = 528.53
Molecular Formula = C27H30F6N2O2
CAS Number = 164656-23-9

Dutasteride is a synthetic 4-azasteroid compound that is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5 alpha-reductase (5AR), an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Dutasteride is indicated for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in men with an enlarged prostate gland.

Dutasteride inhibits the conversion of testosterone to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT is the androgen primarily responsible for the initial development and subsequent enlargement of the prostate gland. Testosterone is converted to DHT by the enzyme 5 alpha-reductase, which exists as 2 isoforms, type 1 and type 2. The type 2 isoenzyme is primarily active in the reproductive tissues while the type 1 isoenzyme is also responsible for testosterone conversion in the skin and liver.

Molecular Weight = 276.21
Molecular Formula = C11H11F3N2O3
CAS Number = 13311-84-7

Flutamide is used for the management of locally confined Stage B2-C and Stage D2 metastatic carcinoma of the prostate

Flutamide is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen that blocks the action of both endogenous and exogenous testosterone by binding to the androgen receptor. In addition Flutamide is a potent inhibitor of testosterone-stimulated prostatic DNA synthesis. Moreover, it is capable of inhibiting prostatic nuclear uptake of androgen